Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Other reforms (by some states): be the Republican candidate. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. Explain. West and East. Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. But what about when the lake dries? Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. If youre excited about a long hike or backpacking trip, you can continue to Laurel Lake for a 14.2-mile (22.9 km) out and back. No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. [11] As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing manager or engineerto take charge of the city government Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). This can be very disorienting to fish and disrupt their migrations as they depend on steady streams and flows to guide them. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2020, Volume 41, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, The Founder of the Appalachian Trail Imagined Something Even Grander, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's forever.. While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Was he a good choice? o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. What was the WCTU? How did they accomplish their goals? Subject. The landscape painter Bierstadt, who brought his German Romantic training to the valley in 1862, gave the world an even larger portrait, and one in extravagant color, that photographers could not match on any scale. Why did women's clubs begin? An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). End of the nineteenth century: challenging the existing male-dominated order. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. How did this affect other professions? had particular strength in the West. The Freeman Report artfully depicted reservoirs in Norway, the United Kingdom and the eastern United States showing how nature and public utility worked together to improve their surroundings and provide long-term benefits for everyone. This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. How did they get their nickname? o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. Many blamed the Wobblies for dynamiting railroad lines, power stations, and other acts The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. But it was later struck down by the court. In American politics during the late nineteenth century. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. How did the following influence reform: As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. People sort of tend to lean one way or another. Second, dams slow rivers. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? No BS! Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. Photo: Kim Lawson. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. less demanding Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. o Interest groups. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. Modern Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson appointed Lane his Secretary of the Interior. Total Cards. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Her influence helped spark the settlement house The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? Copyright © 2023 More Than Just Parks | This post may contain affiliate links - read our Standards, Corrections, & Privacy Policy. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. How was it alleviated? The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. They fished together and talked long hours into the night. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). o Populists proposed two important changes in the 1890s 20. both A and B 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. It is the single largest women's organization in American history to this point. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. You can expect one (short) email per week. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. Roosevelt loved being president. For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. Ballinger-Pinchot dispute: Ballinger was charged with having once conniving to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. What were some early attacks on party dominance? For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. Roosevelt: o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. Your email address will not be published. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. Were they successful? Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Building a dam there was off the table. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: As John Clayton writes, At the height of Progressivism, Phelan and other good-government types believed that the city should administer its own utilities. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. Taft was chosen to Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. Was the largest single reform movement of the progressive. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Direct Primary: In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. What impact did it have on reform? They wrote letters to each other regularly. As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), youll reach the Wapama Falls Bridge with an up-close view of the lowest section of Wapama Falls. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. o Social work Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. should be reserved, protected, and administered by the Federal Government . One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. o Reputation of a wild man o Member of New York legislature (young) Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. Direct Primary and Recall The second concept is preservation. When Taft lost progressive support in 1909, Roosevelt refused to back Taft in the election of 1912, so Roosevelt and his supporters set up the Progressive Party, called the Bull Moose Party with Roosevelt as their candidate. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. suffered defeat). emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Roosevelt knew that the Panic of 1907 and the divide between him and the conservatives in his party might make it hard for him to win the nomination of his party. o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers Called for arbitration between the groups. . Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. They refused to support the war effortgrowing Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. After the accounts have been adjusted at August 31, the end of the fiscal year, the following balances were taken from the ledger of Marcy Delivery Services Co.: Journalize the four entries required to close the accounts. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. He discovered it a few of years later. It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. Is your answer Describe three different progressive impulses. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). He added significantly to the National Park System. Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Photo: Chris Migeon. o Children beginning school at an earlier age, spending more time there 46. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as Subjects: 28 apush chapter . The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. Pinchot fought these fires in Washington. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. How to Had to balance the Northern businessmen and reformers. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. . Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. Other forms of change: The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918.
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