* The Valley Prospectors, P.O. Only few of the historic specimens retain their play of colors after 100 years or more. John Clodfelder Construction Co. As part of that process, a new website has been created. The author concludes: They assumed that the opal must be responsible in some way, when actually it was the rising fever and then the chill of death which produced the unique sympathetic reaction in the temperature-sensitive stone.. During your visit, dress for the outdoors wearing old clothes, shoes for climbing over rocks and mud, as well as gloves, hats and safety glasses. Molybdenuij1 is present as for collecting fluorescent and fire opal, silicified palm, powellite pseudomorphs after molybdenite and as mo-jasper, . Address: KOA Resort Campground,4626 State Route 28, Herkimer, NY 13350. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. Tehachapi Lake Clay Deposit #1. Fire opal with play of colors from Mexico. Industrial use of opal is mostly limited to diatomites - sedimentary silica rocks made of microscopic opal shells of Diatomeae marine plankton. Mine. Filter 653 mines by commodity, disposition, development status, and record type in Kern County, California. All rights reserved (About Us). Dubbed the Mojave Flame ''it was a luminous fire Opal that glows with intensity --- it was valued at over $50,000 by the Opal Miners Association back in 1975. Occasionally, opal fever surfaces at the Barnett and Nowak mines. The NCC programs are focused mainly on the preservation of caves and karst. More Each mining operation is likely to have a unique set of rules, and it's important to respect them. Cost: $25 adult age 16-64, $22 senior, $21 age 12-15, $13 age 5-11, and free age 4 and younger. Heres a quick overview of some of the best States to find Opals in within the US: Most American Opals are found in western states with a high degree of geothermal activity, remote mountains, volcanic rocks, and valleys. Color names: Black, Cherry, Chloropal, Chrysopal, Claro, Common, Contra Luz, Crystal, Fire, Flash, Harlequin, Honey, Hyalite, Hydrophane, Jelly, Lemon, Mexican Fire, Milk, Pinfire, Precious, Precious Fire, Water, Wax, White. White opal with vitreous or resinous luster is sometimes called milk opal. Size: 10 x 5 cm. * Chino Valley Prospectors, Box 2174, Fontana, Calif. 92335. As mentioned in the wood opal section, opal can replace fossils. Want to report conditions for this trail? I am sharing this article on our Facebook page! The best fire opals definitely come from Mexico. Many hyalites show strong fluorescence in UV light. In 1992, the Kern River Pipeline system was built from Opal, Wyoming, to Kern County, California. The hike across the Mohonk Mountain House grounds to the Labyrinth rock scramble and up through the Lemon Squeeze crevice is one of the most memorable outdoor experiences in the Hudson Valley. Check out many species of bird and wildflower at Crystal Grove and try your hand at mining. In the US we have a rather colorful love affair with gemstones and precious metals. Menilites are formed from diatomites during diagenesis - the gradual sedimentary burial of rocks under heat and pressure. Camping is available onsite with showers and restrooms are open 24 hours. Size: 8 x 4.5 cm. C.D.M.G. An opal, inadvertently moistened, sent forth a single flash before fading. Photo: Mix of hydrophane and precious opal from Dubnk, Slovakia. In warm weather, the lure of buried treasure heats up for all kinds of prospectors. Dirt bikes or ATVs are probably the best way to travel out on these roads. Its fracture pattern is typically conchoidal, but may be splintery, uneven or irregular. The condensation of thermal mud and silicates is not enough, however, to provide the opals spark. Click . There are three wide shafts to explore, a large stone water tank, and the remains of mining equipment and building foundations scattered throughout the area. Hours: All caves that have had Northern Long Eared bats are closed from Oct. 1 to April 30. Theyll tell you what to look for, where to look for it, how to look and how to care for your stone once you find it. nice 4wheel road.take your time and enjoy,it is short,but great scenery and it has one or two obstacles that are fun,not hard. That area has now been destroyed -- see the picture below. Visitors can expect a 45 minute to 1 hour guided walk through unsullied but accessible prehistoric passageway. The amorphous forms of silica tend to internally recrystallize into more stable forms. These tiny marine algae are responsible for the creation of 20-25 % of world oxygen production. On the other hand, the publication of Sir Walter Scott's Anne of Geierstein, in which an opal possessing supernatural powers is rendered colorless and impotent upon contact with holy water, caused a precipitous 50% drop in European sales of opal for the next 20 years. "Where to Find Gold in California" looks at the density of modern placer mining claims along with historical gold mining locations and mining district descriptions to determine areas of high gold discovery potential in California. If the (small) road sign says Red Rock - Inyokern Road, you are too far north. Photo: Vtzslav Snel, Hyalites from Tarcal, Hungary are well known for their strong green fluorescence in UV light (366 nm wavelegth in this case). These are of course much softer then true opal but can be hard to recognize for inexperienced buyers. Opal Hill is well known for its beautiful and rare fire agate, opal eggs and quartz crystals. Queretaro (Queretaro State) and Magdalena (Jalisco State) in Mexico are world-class sites for fire opal. Awesome trail. Size of each piece: 6 x 5 cm. (Dominick Fiorille | NYup.com). Opal belongs to oxides or less often by some classification system into tectosilicates, but the silica portion of its composition is normally composed of one Si centered in a tetrahedron of 4 atoms of O. Translucent yellow-orange or orange-red opals are often labeled as fire opal. Part of our western expansion was a direct result of our infatuation with gold. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). Zoledad East. Admission: $2 per visitor age 15 and up. Several of the system's anchor shippers were producers who chose to transport Rockies gas to support their enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) efforts in the Kern County oilfields. The Royal Peacock Opal Mine (Nevada) for example, currently requires shoes with rigid toe protectors, hard hats, and safety glasses they have limited picks, shovels and rakes available for rent on site. Hours: Varies, depending on month and days, but in June it's 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., except for the first two weeks. Founded by a farmer named Lester Howe in 1842, this is the largest cave open to the public in the Northeast. A $300-million (minimum) gondola to Dodger Stadium? Nor is an expensive lapidary unit required to shape and polish an opal. Of these claims, 10.34% are active while 89.66% are now closed. Box 2706, Orange, Calif. 92668. Photo: Opal mines in Coober Pedy, South Australia. A mining claim is a parcel of land for which the claimant has asserted a right of possession and the right to develop and extract a discovered, valuable, mineral deposit. Cost: $17.50 adult, $12.25 age 6-13, $3.50 age 5 and younger. Opals in the metamorphic rocks are mostly limited to altered serpentinites or some weakly metamorphosed marine sediments. Opal is well-known for mimicking the forms of other minerals, as well as wood, shell or bone as pseudomorphs. Some fossils are replaced with precious opal; some of the most famous are dinosaur bones or teeth fully replaced by high quality precious opal. This is the phenomenon produced when a specimen develops internal and external cracks as a result of a variety of disturbances that, in other minerals, are negligible. Your IP: Hours: 9 a.m. to sundown from mid-April through mid-October. The Garnet Mine Tour starts at at the Gore Mountain Mineral Shop, and then guests will follow the guide to the site of the Garnet Mines. The picture below is some agate that Nancy Hill found. Opal does not produce any crystal forms. Significant: N, General Physiographic Area: Pacific Mountain System Principal causes of crazing are: Some opal specimens are known to be likely to craze, but the process is generally random, inconsistent and unpredictable. It is illegal to drive off-road or off OHV trail. Hermione collapsed and died a few hours later. Theres no charge for overnight camping at either site unless you wish to stay in one of the trailers that go for $5 a night. This weekend, load the trunk with a rock hammer, chisels, a pick and shovel and all the water you can carry. Cachalong contains the lowest amount of water among all types of opal. If you want to rent tools, they range from $1 to $6. The small town of Spencer in eastern Idaho is often referred to as "The Opal Capital of America". My dad used to take us out here in his Chevy Cavalier all the way to the opal mine. Removing the fire agate from the surrounding rock takes some work with a sledge hammer, chisel and pick. A (gas) pocket can be any size, from a bucket to the size of a house, Richard said, sounding more like a geologist than a paving contractor in Bakersfield, where he works during the week. Cost: Self-guided tours admission is $15.50 adult, $8.50 for age 5-12, and free for age 4 and younger. The trail is open year-round and is beautiful to visit anytime. The last action for this claim occurred on October 1, 1996. It has no cleavage. In Lapidarium, written in 1075 by Marbodus, Bishop of Rennes, the prelate declared that the opal had the magical power to render its wearer invisible and that knowledge of this power was a closely kept secret among people who were dishonest and wicked. All forms of opals with play of colors are labeled as precious opal. California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 29, p. 271-339 [1933] Tin deposits of the Gorman district, Kern County, California. Very old Paleozoic opalized fossil woods slowly recrystallized into chalcedony. * West End Prospectors Club, Ray Teagarden, 9430 Mission Blvd., Riverside, Calif. 92509. 1; 2 (current) Despite their microscopic size, the Diatomeae create significant mass in the ocean volume. Photo: Vtzslav Snel . There are many sub-varieties though: white opal has a white matrix, black opal is dark, fire opal is orange-red. Hours: Opens from sun up until sundown from May 1 to Oct. 1. However, regardless of the later Greek and Roman modifications of the term, it is clear that Roman references to the Sanskrit upala appear around 250 BC, and refer specifically to gemstones being supplied from traders in the Bosporus region of Asia, who identified their source in India. Opal mining is a unique industry in that it is determined by luck and persistence, with miners relying on these skills to make a living. The blaze in it will darn near start a fire., Unlike many other gems, opals arent dependent on being cut with facets to refract light. No reservations are needed; however, PLEASE SIGN IN at the Gift Shop before starting to mine! Many points along the road treat you to beautiful desert views. When the agate is polished and then viewed in the light, flashes can be seen. This website is dedicated to keeping the public aware of the progress in updating the Kern County General Plan 2040. California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 42, p. 31-52 [1946] This section looked to be a bit rough and steep for a car, but the motorcycles were having a good time. When we visited the Opal Hill claim back in 2010, Howard Fisher and Nancy Hill greeted us with open friendliness and made us feel right at home. Mineral & Geology Index Land ownership: Unknown 1 Alice Mine Alice Mine Allstate Prospect Amalia Mine Amalia Mine Amalie-Agua Caliente Amelia Mine and Mill Amy Mine Angus Property Angus Property Antimony Consol Antimony Consolidated Mine Antimony Peak Mine Antimony Peak Mine Apache Apache Hauser Geode Beds MRDS mine locations are often very general, and in some cases are incorrect. Great times. Richard said he booted the men off his 80-acre claim because he was so disgusted by their greed. All mine locations were obtained from the USGS Mineral Resources Data System. Mineral collectors and museums compete vigorously for the finest specimens. EXPECT ROUGH CONDITIONS! Your IP: To report an abandoned mine, call DMR on our toll-free hotline at 1(877) OLD-MINE (1-877-6 53-6463) or email us at DMR@conservation.ca.gov. Many dealers soak their opals to hide the crazing effects and lower the risk of crazing of low quality opals. Address: 5 Gooding Street, Lockport, NY, 14094. The Nowak Opal. It does not definitively identify property status, nor does it indicate claim status or whether an area is open to prospecting. * The Southwestern Prospectors and Miners Assn., 9248 Stoyer Drive, Santee, Calif. 92071. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The mine was managed by Helen Madden as a pay to collect site beginning in 1965, and continued that way for 18 years. Understanding Claim Ownership. Photo: Vtzslav Snel. Western Mining History is your source for over 116,000 mines in the western states. When they find it, he said, I have em put it up against the junk theyve already collected, and they never forget what another opal looks like.. Striking It Rich In The Opal Mining Industry. A good map is needed and the visitor center gives out free rough maps showing the trails, dirt roads, 4WD roads, and serious 4WD roads. There were some rough spots for a Subaru. Our word opal has been linked to three possible sources, a Roman term (opalus), a Greek term (opallios), and a Sanskrit term (upala). Campers should bring their own firewood and drinking water. Address: 1126 Barton Mines Road, North River, NY 12856. Semi translucent opal with dendrites are very nice and highly popular for production of inexpensive cabochons. Opals were formed in the El Paso Mountains during the last Ice Age as hot geyser water and silica mud percolated through porous volcanic rock, Richard said. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Pro tip some camps have estimated that 60% (or more) of the rocks discarded by amateur gem hunters are in fact gem-laden. It serves as a popular winter haven for rockhounds. Last Chance, Kern County (California); Spencer area, Clark County (Idaho); Virgin Valley, Humboldt County (Nevada) and Opal Butte, Morrow County (Oregon). The Kern County mines are the only known sources of gem-fire opals in California, and one of only three recognized opal fields in the United States. This right does not include exclusive surface rights (see Public Law 84-167). Among the Barnetts luminous treasures is the Mojave Flame, an opal that glows like coal in a barbecue pit. Very low quality opaque form of chalky white colored opal is called cachalong. It takes a little while, but you can do it.. Opal does not occur as a magmatic mineral in igneous rocks but it might precipitate from hydrothermal fluids in the very late stage of magma crystallization. Thank you for spreading the word about precious Opal. Over thousands of years, the mud and water collected in gas pockets in the rock, then slowly leached out, leaving behind layer after layer of silicates, the minerals found in opals and common glass. BUT, every-so-often treasure hunters have managed to unearth a valuable find, recognizing it as such. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. In the article Stone of Thieves and Queens published in the 1977 edition of the International Opal Journal, the author writes that while some folks considered the stone a guardian against illness, others believed it directly responsible for the Black Death in 14th-Century Europe. The Opal Prospect is a gold mine located in Kern county, California at an elevation of 6,601 feet. Siskiyou County has long been famous for its gold rush history. Many hydrophanes are white when dry and become translucent or even display play of colors when wet. Environment; Geography; GeoScience Indexes; UCLA Resources; CSA; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. For adrenaline junkies, NY state has plenty of caves and caverns to explore. Carry water, especially during the hot summer months. one of the best roads out here. Photo: Common opal from Herany, Slovakia. Buena Vista Aquatic Recreational Area Closures: Camping May 7-June 5, Day Use May 21-June 2. Because Opal Hill is famed for its stunning opal eggs, quartz crystals, and exquisite fire agates, it is considered to be one of the greatest spots for gem searching in the state of California. Operation Category: Prospect To allay such suspicions, Hermiones husband placed several drops of holy water on his wifes forehead. Secret Caverns is a small commercial cavern founded by local civil engineer Roger Mallery in 1928. The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. The area is known for its opal and fire agate veins. Flood Relief and Recovery Resources for Kern County Residents. Opal is an exception from IMA rules and it is classified as a true mineral. Photo: Zdenk rot. ), The Desert Environment Box 65947 Glassell Sta,La,Ca. Bring your own tools for digging. Some sediments - especially in Australia - are famous for their opalized fossils. Its the only stone I know of that has true color in it, said Richard. Now, these garnets are used for waterjet cutting and surface preparation. Physiographic Section: Sierra Nevada. The last action for this claim occurred on October 1, 1996. Photo: Zbynk Buival. Novices simply dont have the patience for the work or the experience required to recognize the treasure hidden within. You should have a 4-wheel drive vehicle if you visit the claim, the road is rocky and difficult in some places. YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. Check hours here. Nevada in particular is renowned for its wealth of Opal, and is Americas predominant supplier of the gem. Check out a 70-minute guided historical tour through America's past. Photos (13) Directions. There is a break in the 2-lane highway at this point: if you see the Red Cliffs trail or Abbott road (for the visitor center), you are too far south. Photo: Vtzslav Snel, Detail of hyalite opal from Vale, Czech Republic. State: The locations and other information in this database have not been verified for accuracy. Hyalite is usually colorless and translucent; less common are pale yellow or pale blue colors. Nevertheless, nearly all historic reference sources classified it as a mineral, a category justified in part because some constituents of opal are now known to be microcrystalline forms of silica. In 2011 Nancy left the claim. Come and explore the natural wonder in the Adirondack Mountains. For those who are serious miners, there's a personalized service which includes three 100,000-pound excavators, and cost for the day is $1,900. Generally considered a moderately challenging route, it takes an average of 3 h 17 min to complete. Size of each piece: 6 x 5 cm. Monolith Portland Cement Co. Mining Method: Unknown Featuring the largest marble cave entrance in the eastern U.S., this park features above-ground trails to witness several cave entrances, grottos with raging water or peaceful dark pools, waterfalls and a gorge. Suite 1002, Beverly Hill. Hyalites are often formed within the cracks in rocks. Quick Facts Antimony , Arsenic , Asbestos , Barium-Barite , and Bentonite mines located in Kern County, California. During the tour we stopped at a site where he was currently working on an agate-bearing vein. , Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, $950 round trip from LAX to Darwin, Australia, on Qantas, Cool, hot and close to home: Celebrate Memorial Day in Southern California, The 15 things to do in L.A. before the end of summer, 17 SoCal hiking trails that are blooming with wildflowers (but probably not for long! However, gem-quality opals are mostly small and most of the opals at the deposit are low quality milky opal or hydrophane. Its really a kick because this basalt is so porous that a jackhammer will go through it in about 30 seconds, and then youre two hours digging your gad (chisel) out.. An annual publication on minerals and the mineral industries in the US and internationally. The mine consists of rock outcroppings and holes where agate has been extracted. Nancy fell in love with rock-hounding and continued to work the mine for another 27 years with husband Howard. As the name suggests - common opal is the most abundant form of opal. If you hit it with a hammer, you see what they were , Richard said. Job Seekers Invited to Attend Kern County's Career Expo on Saturday, September 17, 2022. Some dishonest dealers even create precious opals from plastic. Heres a chance for bragging rights, Faerie festivals in Upstate NY: Here are a dozen magical events this summer. Cost: $14 age 13 and older, $12 age 5 to 12, and free age 4 and younger. Sand and Gravel. Once extracted, agate needs to be cut and polished or simply polished in its natural form to bring out the brilliant color. Below is picture of a piece of fire agate found at the site. Kern River Water Safety - Preparing for your safe summer starts now! Unknown. Mines and mineral resources of Kern County, California. It should be assumed that all mines are on private property. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. 2023 Advance Local Media LLC. 54.36.126.202 A light beam entering the array of spheres is diffracted and reflected out of the mineral in a variety of sheens and scintillations. Head to one of these 8 L.A. spots for the perfect spring paddle. Texts, photos, videos and other materials on this web are copyrighted - all kinds of use (including copying and sharing) of published material requires written permission from authors! Electron microscopy has clarified how this effect occurs. The new claim owner is in negotiation with the BLM on its future, with the goal of keeping the area open for recreational rockhounds with a digging fee. Mining for Opal is a niche business but one that is active and tourists can participate in. Places that are often a bit more relaxed when it comes to federal oversight, places where the trade is oftentimes perilous and incredibly dangerous full of bandits, desperados, and hostile fauna. (near I-10) These hard to find guides will take you on an adventure though time. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Tiny silica spheres are packed in an orderly arrangement. Some caves require getting a permit. Click to reveal When opals are formed during serpentinite alteration, nickel and chromium can color them apple green. Kern County, California has 15,294 mining claims on public land listed in The Diggings. Photo: Clear aggregates of hyalite opal from volcanic rocks near Vale, Czech Republic. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. The Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller, made garnet the state's gem stone in 1969. Canadian precious opals come from Vernon, British Columbia. Opal can display different colors when the light source is moved, when the stone is turned, or when viewed from different directions. Madden sold the claim in return for five gold claims and $10,000 in the early 1980s to Louis Meserole, who asked his partner Nancy Hill to run it for $500.00 a month plus collection fees. Size: 1 x 1 cm. FIRE OPAL is a closed mining claim in Kern, California. Precious opal specimens can present one frustrating characteristic that will aggravate the jeweler attempting to fashion it, or the collector attempting to display it: Opal may NOT retain its integrity when dried out too quickly, or exposed to vibration, abrupt temperature changes or bright light! Take into account their rules and guidelines. A few of the terms, such Fire Opal and Hyalite, have received universal endorsement, but most are isolated names that have appeared only a few times in published reports or catalogs. Such opals are usually white, yellow, red, brown, grey or multicolored. Most common are those from lavas, but hyalites are known also as late stage hydrothermal minerals from pegmatites or filling fissures in marbles. We have a rather rich community of adventurers that devotes themselves to this pursuit. Some mine remains have been covered or removed by modern industrial activity or by development of things like housing. Easy trail with nice views. The concept is that combining seeing with other is a good description for observing the color variations in opal. 11 places in L.A. to get your creativity flowing. 6,601 Feet One of my greatest joys when I was younger and living in Southern California was visiting my friends at an opal mine near Red Rock Canyon, north of Mojave in Kern County. Most of these mines are located in the world-famous Virgin Valley in Nevada, a remote, surprisingly rich Opal district that produces some of the world's finest black Opals. Unique Identifiers Hide Mindat ID: 6666 (as Precious Opal) 3004 (as Opal) Long-form identifier: 1:1:6666:8 (as Precious Opal) 1:1:3004:1 (as Opal) GUID ( UUID V4 ): Mine Info Name: Opal Prospect State: California County: Kern Elevation: 6,601 Feet (2,012 Meters) Primary Mineral: Gold Lat, Long: 35.4544, -118.34310 Map: View on Google Maps Satelite View MRDS mine locations are often very general, and in some cases are incorrect. You accept privacy policy by registering and browsing this website! Meanwhile, the type of Opals you might stumble on - when it comes to the precious variety of these stones - include black Opals, fire Opals,common Opals and lesser acclaimed types such as dendritic Opals, hyalite Opals and Luisiana Sand Opal. The satellite view offers a quick glimpse as to whether the MRDS location corresponds to visible mine remains. February 22, 2021 No comments exist. Each camper must supply food, water and firewood. Hours: Summer self-guided tours runs 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. from May 24 to Sept. 2 and 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. from Sept. 3 to Oct. 14. This process takes decades in human-made glass and millions of years in opals. Address: 671 Caverns Road, Howes Cave, NY, 12092. This large ledge of volcanic ash produced pumice for a number of uses, but mainly Holly Cleanser. Things To Do: Rockhounding In 2017 the Kern County Planning and Natural Resources initiated the process on the Kern County General Plan Update for 2040. We invite you to, Heaven's Muse Gold Australian Bolder Opal Necklace. The states production includes magnificent specimens of black Opal and a vast array of common Opal. Includes maps, special reports, and the CDMG Bulletin. The Scialdo family purchased the Herkimer Diamond KOA in 1979. Updated 12/01/18. Last Chance Canyon to Mesquite Canyon Road OHV Route. You never lose it. Address: 1706 Stone Arabia Rd., Fonda, NY 12068. Season usually starts mid-June through October. Hours: 9 a.m to 5 p.m. daily. Light entering such a specimen is not diffracted. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c0a11729ccf061c You will receive an email to confirm your address. Desert Geological Terms, Home | About | Contact Us | Feedback | Privacy | Site Outline | Advertising on DesertUSA | Hotels. Bennett is a Southland free-lance writer. The Herkimer Diamond Mines KOA Resort was named Campground of the year in 2010. Click to reveal Agate is one of many varieties of chalcedony and can range in color from banded patterns to the rare fiery red. Photo: Opal-AG Amorphous-Gel (closely packed amorphous silica spheres), Opal-AN Amorphous Network (water-containing amorphous silica-glass), Opal-CT Cristobalite-Tridymite (spheres of opal are made up of tiny microcrystalline blades of cristobalite and tridymite), Opal-C Cristobalite (spheres of opal composed of cristobalite only), Allowing the sample to dry too quickly (removing it from its formerly damp environment), Exposing the sample to a sudden temperature change, Exposing the sample to sudden bright light, Vibrating the sample (during jewelry cutting and polishing). You tell us, Chaperone policy back at Knotts Berry Farm due to unruly and inappropriate behavior, I asked people at Coachella how much money they make and if their ticket was worth it.

Saltine Shortage 2022, Steve Martin's Daughter Mary, Tarte Foundation Expiration Date, Kirsten Metzger Biondi, Ealing Council Temporary Accommodation Contact, Articles K